Striated

Source: mayalin.com

Blue Lake Pass, Duraflake particleboard, 20 3'x 3' blocks, 18'x 23'overall, Originated at the Henry Art Gallery, Seattle, Washington, USA, 2006 designed by Maya Lin

Maya Lin used a terrain chosen from the Rocky Mountain back range to create a topographical sectioned landscape made from cut particleboard. The chosen terrain is familiar and personal; her summer home is in Southwestern Colorado.  By creating a sculpture that details that topology, applying a 3' x 3' grid to that terrain, and then pulling the terrain apart so that one can walk through the landscape she wanted to shift one's perspective about the land, allowing a viewpoint that is more geologic in character. -- architect's web site

Source: archdaily.com

BanQ, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 2008 designed by Office dA

the ceiling contains fixed programs that are part of the building’s infrastructure– the structure, drainage, mechanical equipment, sprinkler system, lighting, and other the acoustic systems. To that end, we have developed a striated wood-slatted system that conceals the view of the mechanical, plumbing, and lighting systems on the longitudinal axis, while offering a virtual canopy under which to dine. The geometry of the wood slats conform to each equipment above, but are also radiused in order to smoothen the relationship between other adjoining equipment, creating a seamless landscape.  -- ArchDaily

More images from architect's web site

Source: archdaily.com

 

Hairstyle Interface, Steingasse, Linz, Austria, 2008 designed by x Architekten

Laminated sheets, arranged vertically with varied spacing and at a right angle to the façade, were used as the material for the (hair) wave. The shapes of the individual sheets were created by a 3D construction process. The shapes were formed using a waterjet cutter.  -- ArchDaily

Source: SOM

Jet Airways Lounges, Mumbai, Hyderabad, and Bangalore, India, 2008 designed by SOM

The Jet Airways lounge design is a flexible system of wooden arches which that adapts to the particular requirements of each airport.

Each of the wooden portals is designed digitally with a unique profile to reflect the lounge’s circulation and programmatic fields.  -- architect's web site

Source: archdaily.com

Cave Restaurant, Maroubra, Sydney, Australia, 2009 designed by Koichi Takada Architects

The timber profiles generate a sound studio atmosphere, and a pleasant ‘noise’ of dining conversation, offering a more intimate experience as well as a visually interesting and complex surrounding.  -- ArchDaily

Source: Anton Grassl archdaily.com

One Main Office Renovation, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2009 designed by dECOi Architects

The design drew from our prior sculpture, In the Shadow of Ledoux, 1993, and the Galerie Miran, 2003, proposing the milling of all elements of the interior from sustainably-forested spruce plywood using numeric command machines: information carves renewable carbon-absorbing resource. -- ArchDaily

Source: koichitakada.com

Tree Restaurant, Sydney, Australia, 2011 designed by Koichi Takada Architects

Source: xm3 archdaily.com

zmianatematu, Łódź, Poland, 2011 designed by xm3

The city’s name translates literally as “a Boat”. Inspired by a Boston BanQ restaurant we tried to create a blobish form similar to the boat roof form which eats in the old monument-building’s space.

The only element added is this alien form, a “hub” that creeps to the volume from the inside of the building, which then creates the bar and divides the space in to several functional areas.

The “hub” itself is cnc cut plywood. It is designed by sectioning the form, generated by adjusting to the space and to all installations hidden by it. The sectioning and preparing for fabrication was done in Rhino/Grasshopper software. During the prototyping phase we decided to do some additional furniture for the restaurant as the mock-up for the real structure. The furniture designed for the interior are the coffee tables, made of sectioned grid plywood and the bench which morphs from the bar counter.  -- ArchDaily

Source: Giorgo Papadopoulos archdaily.com

ORL Clinic, Kalamaria, Thessaloniki, Greece, 2011 designed by Mal-Vi Architects

In order to separate the medic’s office and exam room from the reception space and waiting room, a flexible partition was designed. The partition incorporates the reception desk, as well as the exam room entrance, while its bulging shape—deriving from the form of an acoustic wave, is a reference to the practitioner’s field of specialty. The wooden sculptural surfaces were created using medium-density fiberboards (MDF) left purposefully untreated so as to reinforce the value of the simplicity of the materials used in contrast with their complicated form. The main waiting room’s walls are covered with the Hippocratic oath, with some of its most important words standing out in laser-cut acrylic glass. -- ArchDaily

Source: dEEP, ZERO GC archdaily.com

Eegoo Offices, Beijing, China, 2011 designed by dEEP Architects

The new Beijing office for eegoo is the antithesis to the office typology where traditionally the cubical dominates the organization and shape of the program. The Beijing eegoo office is a space for open discussions and decision making to be accord; an office where ideas can flow freely from the private to the public, from cell to cell. The reception desk features liquid-like ripples, where as a canopy near the small offices is made of faceted cells. -- ArchDaily

Source: archdaily.com

BusStopSymbiosis, Largo dos Lóios, Porto, Portugal, 2010 designed by LIKEarchitects

BusStopSymbiosis is as urban happening were a temporary strange and colourful installation lives on an ordinary bus stop creating a relationship beneficial for both structures. It’s a new urban equipment that aims not only to increase the sitting space of the existing bus stop, but also to entertain those who are still waiting for their transportation as well those who are just walking nearby.  -- ArchDaily

Source: Jennifer Chang archdaily.com

Polymorphic, New York City, New York, USA, 2010 designed by Columbia University GSAPP

Ten architecture students from Columbia University GSAPP have recently completed Polymorphic, a kinetic installation utilizing an innovative design and engineering solution inspired by the kinetic action of a see-saw and the reverberating motion of a slinky.  -- ArchDaily

Source: Scott Massey archdaily.com

Inter|Section, Vancouver, Canada, 2010 designed by Campos Leckie Studio

installation for an Exhibition for the 2010 Cultural Olympiad in Vancouver.

All components in the assembly are joined through interlocking friction connections without the use of fasteners or adhesives. The installation is created using 172 sheets of plywood that were cut using a 3-axis CNC (computer numerically controlled) router. The 288 vertical planes are paired and cut from 144 sheet of plywood. The remaining 28 sheets are used for interlocking horizontal pieces that shape this particular installation.  -- ArchDaily

Source: archdaily.com

Visual Permeability Pavilion, New York City, New York, USA, 2011 designed by Columbia University Graduate School of Architecture Team

The form was derived from one continuous strip that wraps around itself, while touching the ground in minimal locations. The density of the slats is based on three density types: The densest zones are designated for walking and sitting, the medium zones are designated as backrest locations, and the lightest zones are meant for shading.  -- ArchDaily

Source: Wison Tungthunya archdaily.com

BU Lounge, Bangkok, Thailand, 2012 designed by Supermachine Studio

Big portion of the lower floor of the lounge is what called the “Reading cave”. Thousand of OSB ribs form porous rooms for different forms of use, from individual reading to small group tutoring to large group discussion. -- ArchDaily

Source: StudioGreenBlue archdaily.com

Hanafarm Kitchen, Honjyou, Saitama, Japan, 2012 designed by StudioGreenBlue

To begin with, “hand”-like enclosures are made to softly surround customers. Some of them are designed with images of closed fingers and others with images of the openings between fingers. Reddish lights pass through openings just like when a hand is held towards the sun, creating a warm atmosphere. This was how we thought to express their “warmth”. -- ArchDaily

Source: George Messaritakis archdaily.com

Oozora, Kifisia, Greece, 2012 designed by K-Studio

Suspended, undulating MDF panels ripple like the raked gravel of the gardens or the water of the ponds from rock to rock, bringing the various areas of the space together. -- ArchDaily

Source: João Morgado archdaily.com

Bakery, Gondomar, Porto, Portugal, 2013 designed by Paulo Merlini Arquitectura

....by creating a second ceiling that results from the repetition of wooden stripes, -- ArchDaily

Source: Brett Boardman archdaily.com

The Martian Embassy, Sydney NSW, Australia designed by LAVA

.... as a fusion of a whale, a rocket and a time tunnel, an immersive space of oscillating plywood ribs brought to life by red planet light and sound projections. -- ArchDaily

Source: Zsolt Batárarchdaily.com

SPAR Flagshipstore, MOM Park Bevásárlóközpont, 1123 Budapest, Alkotás Street 53, Hungary, 2013 designed by LAB5 Architects

Generally saying, as the ceiling is the element that can be seen from everywhere, it became one of the main elements of orientation and impression. -- ArchDaily

Source: Fernando Guerra | FG+SG archdaily.com

Care Implant Dentistry, Chatswood NSW 2067, Australia, 2014 designed by Pedra Silva Architects

Built from suspended wooden planks that start with narrow elements that then widen to engulf the existing column, this element was a response to a premise and became the predominant feature working as a space generator, influencing the ceiling and other elements. -- ArchDaily

Gateways

Source: rtrk.com

Rowes Wharf, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, 1987 designed by SOM

According to its designer, Adrian Smith of Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill, the Rowes Wharf building is "a steel deck and beam frame clad with a curtain wall of brick, granite and pre-cast concrete".  Its courtyard, which covers a public plaza leading to the waterfront, is topped by grand arches, and a copper-domed observatory sits atop the building, providing panoramic views of the city. There's also a free-floating stage which is often the site of concerts and other special public events, especially during the warm summer months. -- A view on cities.

Source: bluffton.edu

Grande Arche, La Défense, Paris, France, 1989 designed by architect Johann Otto von Spreckelsen and Erik Reitzel 

The massive scale of the Arche is most obvious in its atrium, which hosts a parasitic stretched Teflon mesh. This portion of the building was an afterthought added to the project once Paul Andreau took over the project. The innovative awning allows wind and light to permeate, while shielding visitors from the elements. This seemingly cloudlike structure is fastened by tensioned cables which clutches onto the building’s façade, and whose figure appears alien like among the sharp contours of the Grande Arche. -- ArchDaily

Paris’ Grande Arche to get €200 million Revamp -- ArchDaily

Source: Sara Caris arch1day.org

The Gateway, Singapore, 1990 designed by Pei Cobb Freed & Partners

...two identical parallelogram tower blocks each 37 storeys tall.

The twin-tower development of this site is intended to signify symbolically the 'Gateway' to Singapore. Therefore the two buildings are named 'The Gateway East' and 'The Gateway West'. Locals refer to the buildings as "two towering cardboard boxes". The buildings are detailed in a way that If you see them from a certain angle they seem to be two-dimensional. -- MIMAO

Source: wikimedia.org

Gate of Europe, Madrid, Spain, 1996 designed by Philip Johnson and John Burgee

The Puerta de Europa towers (Gate of Europe or just Torres KIO) are twin office buildings in Madrid. The towers have a height of 114 m (374 ft) and have 26 floors.

Each building is 115 m tall with an inclination of 15°, making them the first inclined skyscrapers in the world.  -- Wikipedia

Read a post from ArchDaily

Source: wikipedia.org

Düsseldorf Stadttor (City Gate), Düsseldorf, Germany, 1997 designed by Petzinka, Pink & Partners

the Stadttor stands guard over the city’s sunken main artery. Two 16-story towers enclose a 56m high atrium designed to allow maximum natural daylighting, a citywide building ordinance. The interior glass façade features double-pane, low-E glazed doors operable at every other bay and high-reflectance Venetian blinds. At each story, a climate buffer corridor circulates fresh air between facades allowing natural ventilation for 60% of the year. -- Inhabitat.com

A detailed case study from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, UC Berkeley

Source: buildingbutler.com

KPN Papendorp, Utrecht, Netherlands, 2008 designed by Veenendaal, Bocanet + Partners

Source: Frankfurt.de

Exhibition Hall 9 “Gatehouse”, Frankfurt am Main, Germany designed by O.M. Ungers

The similarity with a gate is created by the construction of two interlocking structures (a 22-floor stone building with a large gate and a glass building penetrating this part). In this way, the Gatehouse is a symbol of the openness of the Frankfurt Trade Fair to the world, and also serves as a central contract point for exhibitors and visitors. -- Frankfurt.de

Source: Steven Holl Architects

LM HARBOR GATEWAY, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2008 designed by Steven Holl Architects

The LM Project design for the dramatic new harbor entrance to the great city of Copenhagen is based on a concept of two towers carrying two bridges at two orientations all connecting back to the unique aspects of the site's history.

Each tower carries its own cable-stay bridge that is a public passageway between the two piers. Due to the site geometry, these bridges meet at an angle, joining like a handshake over the harbor.  -- architect's web site

Another article from ARCHITECT Magazine 

Source: Andrei Mărgulescu archdaily.com

City Gate, Bucharest, Romania, 2010 designed by Westfourth Architecture

The complex consists of two 18- storeyed towers located across from each other and creating an entry plaza to the Exhibition Complex in between. A common three level garage connects the towers under the plaza. Two three-storeyed wings are attached to each of the towers achieving larger floor plates on the lower levels of the complex.

The relation emphasized in the project, between towers on one hand, and between building wings and sections on the other, recall the concept of duality inferred by the image of «gate». -- ArchDaily

Source: Henning Larsen Architects archdaily.com

Ericus And Spiegel Buildings, Brooktorkai, HafenCity, Hamburg, Germany, 2011 designed by Henning Larsen Architects

With its clearly readable figure each building has a reserved yet characteristic expression that provides a special significance in relation to creating identity for all the surrounding public spaces. The Ericus building will be essential for the completion of the large park space. Spiegel will become the gateway to Hafencity seen from the main station and Brooktorkai. -- ArchDaily

Source: Rocco Design Architects archdaily.com

HKSAR Government Headquarters, Admiralty, Hong Kong, 2011 designed by Rocco Design Architects

The two wings of Government Offices are joined together at the upper level, creating the visual metaphor of an opening door. -- ArchDaily

Source: Herzog & de Meuron archdaily.com

Porta Volta Fondazione Feltrinelli, Milan, Italy, 2013 designed by Herzog & de Mueron

Expected to be completed in 2013, Herzog & de Meuron’s new redevelopment project in Porta Volta, Milan will include the headquarters for the Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli. 

“This undertaking by the Feltrinelli Group has an important urban dimension in that it strengthens and reinforces the city.”

“The long-limbed form, linear building refers, first, to the Gothic tradition that is expressed in important buildings in the city of Milan on the other to farms that dot the landscape of slender Lombardy,” explained Herzog.  -- ArchDaily

Despite Controversy, Herzog & de Meuron’s Porta Volta Breaks Ground -- ArchDaily

Source: archrecord.construction.com

Emerson Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA, 2013 designed by Morphosis Architects

The gesture that makes this exploration possible is the long bar across the top of the building. It turns a pair of vertical elements—the dormitory towers—into a frame, and the building into a giant arch. That arch recalls, most obviously, the Grande Arche office building in La Defense, the district on the outskirts of Paris, a building by Johan Otto von Spreckelsen and Paul Andreu that Mayne has surely come to know well while working on the Phare Tower. -- Architectural Record

Source: Michel Denancé archdaily.com

Valletta City Gate, Valletta, Malta, 2015 designed by Renzo Piano Building Workshop

The architecture of the new city gate is very restrained, giving an impression of strength and austerity, stripped of extraneous decoration that would undermine its timeless, honest quality. Its tapered shape and the two great steel poles, each 25m high, are enough to lend this breach in the wall the status of the Valletta City Gate.

The gateway is made of immense blocks of stone, delimited and framed by the tall steel ‘blades’ that are used to highlight the junction of old and new – steel and stone in a dialogue of nature, strength and history. -- ArchDaily

Pedestrian Ways: Galleria

Source: wikipedia.org

Burlington Arcade, London, UK, 1819 designed by Samuel Ware

a covered shopping arcade in London that runs behind Bond Street from Piccadilly through to Burlington Gardens. It is one of the precursors of the mid-19th century European shopping gallery and the modern shopping centre. -- Wikipedia

Source: wikipedia.org

Galeries Royales Saint-Hubert, Brussels, Belgium, 1847 designed by Jean-Pierre Cluysenaer

the 213 m passage was inaugurated on June 20, 1847...Brilliantly lit, it offered the luxury of outdoor cafés in Brussels' inclement climate, in an ambiance of luxury retailers that brought to Brussels the true feel of a European capital. -- Wikipedia

Source: wikipedia.org

Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, Milan, Italy, 1877

a covered double arcade formed of two glass-vaulted arcades at right angles intersecting in an octagon, prominently sited on the northern side of the Piazza del Duomo in Milan, and connects to the Piazza della Scala. Named after Vittorio Emanuele II, the first king of united Italy, it was originally designed in 1861 and built by Giuseppe Mengoni between 1865 and 1877. -- Wikipedia

Source: wikipedia.org

Galleria Umberto I, Naples, Italy, 1891 designed by Emanuele Rocco

the cornerstone in the decades-long rebuilding of Naples — called the risanamento (lit. "making healthy again") — that lasted until World War I.

It was meant to combine businesses, shops, cafes and social life — public space — with private space in the apartments on the third floor. The Galleria is a high and spacious cross-shaped affair surmounted by a glass dome braced by 16 metal ribs. -- Wikipedia

Source: Adam Orzechowski

Allen Lambert Galleria, Brookfield Place, Toronto, Canada designed by Santiago Calatrava

This six-story pedestrian thoroughfare, measuring 85 feet high, 45 feet wide and 360 feet long (24x14x110 meter), has been dubbed the "crystal cathedral of commerce" and its design was the result of an international competition.

The winner, Santiago Calatrava of Spain, makes amazing use of glass and light in this building which has become one of the most photographed in Toronto. The Galleria is six stories high and is comprised of eight freestanding steel supports on either side of the Galleria. The supports branch out into parabolic shapes and seem to resemble the canopy of a forest. -- A View on Cities

Source: wikipedia.org

Fremont Street Experience, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA

Fremont Street Experience located in the heart of downtown Las Vegas on the historic street that started it all. The world-famous, one-of-a-kind entertainment venue is home to Viva Vision, the biggest big screen on the planet. More than 12 million lights in the Viva Vision canopy and 550,000 watts of concert quality sound pumped to speakers throughout the venue produce an incredible array of eye-popping imagery and heart pounding music. Viva Vision shows appear nightly on the hour beginning at dusk and are free and open to the public. The giant LED screen towers 90-feet above a pedestrian mall lined with unique retail shopping kiosks and two permanent performance stages.  -- official web site

Skin of Architecture: Double-skin 4

Source: betterbricks.com

GSW, Berlin, Germany, 1999 designed by Sauerbruch Hutton Architekten

Colorful automated shading panels in the west double skin cavity manage solar heat gain and daylighting. Natural ventilation is brought in through east double skin facade, through the interior spaces, across specially design corridor openings, and is vented to the west. The west facade cavity serves as a solor flur drawing air up and out utilizing automated top and bottom control flaps to provided seasonal and weather control. -- betterbricks.com

A detailed case study from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, UC Berkeley

Source: Forster + Partners

London City Hall, London, UK, 2002 designed by Foster + Partners

City Hall includes a series of green features, including an unconventional building form to minimize heat gain and loss by reducing the exterior surface areas, as well as a stepped profile to the south to self-shade in the summer. Although the outer plane of the double skin facade is all glass, the inner wall contains significant less glazing area. The building uses natural ventilation and a geothermal system rather than air conditioning to maintain a comfortable interior. -- betterbricks.com

it expresses the transparency and accessibility of the democratic process and demonstrates the potential for a sustainable, virtually non-polluting public building.  -- architect's web site

Source: betterbricks.com

Upper Secondary School, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2007 designed by 3xn Arkitekter

The operable exterior shading devices--colored glass fins with graphic lettering--create this building's signature facade and provide dynamic shading to balance daylighting with solar heat gain. Behind the glass fins, operable windows provide natural ventilation. -- betterbricks.com

Source: ieee.org

KfW building, Frankfurt, Germany, 2010 designed by Sauerbruch Hutton Architekten

The 15-story glass tower glows with natural light and offers windows that open—a comfort that can wreak havoc with energy efficiency. But the Westarkade's first-of-a-kind "pressure ring" facade and sophisticated, sensor-rich control scheme promise to consume no more than 100 kilowatt-hours of energy per square meter per year. That would make it a world-class energy miser, using half as much energy as a conventional office building in Europe and as little as a third of the U.S. average.  -- ieee Spectrum

Read an article from GreenSource
Another article from Architectural Record.
Read a post from Cityscape
Read a post from ArchDaily

Vernacular

Source: Feliciano Guimarães archdaily.com

Portugal’s Stone House

Constructed between two giant stones and linked with a concrete mix, the house is rumored to be inspired by the popular American Flintstones cartoon.  Although quite unusual, the prehistoric-looking residence does feature some traditional components such as windows, a front door, and even a shingled roof.  -- ArchDaily

Source: 9-eyes.com

What Google Sees -- Jon Rafman

Source: viahouse.com

Traditional Icelandic House

Building/Ground: Folding Up

Source: Claudio Vilarinho archdaily.com

House 1 in Penafiel, Penafiel, Portugal, 2005 designed by Claudio Vilarinho

The idea: a white volume (28x10m) that rests on a continuous grass carpet.

When in a highest stage we are descending the existing path, we see a volume that comes down and accompanies us; suddenly this volume leans up and projects itself to the valley. -- ArchDaily

Source: Jan Bitter archdaily.com

Arche Nebra, Wangen, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, 2007 designed by Holzer Kobler Architekturen

Visible from far away, the body of the building is covered with yellow anodized aluminium and appears to float above the glass-encased entry level, in which the admission desk and café are located. The 60-metre-long abstracted ship houses two exhibition rooms and the planetarium.  -- ArchDaily

Source: FG+SG archdaily.com

Alcatel Head Office, Cascais, Portugal, 2009 designed by Frederico Valsassina Arquitectos

The two levels give place to one, through the “folding up” of the entrance level. The new volume releases itself from the ground, as a business card for anyone who enters. Suspended over the void, it directs people to the entrance, which is made to the North over the void that gives access to the parking lot.  -- ArchDaily

Schwartz/Fiekowsky House, West Stockbridge, Massachusetts, USA, 2009 designed by Schwartz/Silver Architects

The living area, at the end of forty-five-foot cantilever, opens onto spectacular views. -- architect's web site

A slim, 17-by-90-foot rectangular volume of glass and steel, the house slopes down a hill in the Berkshires before dramatically cantilevering for 45 feet. The great room floats 14 feet above the ground and has walls of glass on three sides with sweeping views of the surrounding, hilly countryside. The home's poured concrete floor vibrates when the couple's 65-pound Standard poodle, Oberon, bounds with enthusiasm after a ball. -- Wall Street Journal

 Another article from Residential Architect.com 
Read a post from ArchDaily

Source: arquitectonica.com

Florida International University School of International & Public Affairs, Miami, Florida, USA designed by Arquitectonica

Source: Alejandro Aravena archdaily.com

Lookout along Pilgrim Route, Jalisco, Mexico designed by Alejandro Aravena

Every year, over 2,000 people go on a 100 km pilgrimage path near Guadalajara, Mexico during Holy Week. Municipalities along the route decided to give the pilgrims some service areas along this route, so the Secreaty of Turism of Jalisco comissioned these projects to a group of both mexican and international architects: Ai Wei Wei (FAKE Design), Luis Aldrete, Christ & Gantenbein, Dellekamp Arquitectos,  Elemental, Godoylab, HHF, Periférica and Tatiana Bilbao mxa. -- ArchDaily

More from architect's web site 
Another post from ArchDaily

Source: Daniel Schäfer archdaily.com

Headquarters Caja de Badajoz, Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain, 2011 designed by Studio Lamela Architects

....the building clearly attempts a dialogue with the bridge’s prominent vertical structure and the great width of the river by engaging two different volumetric elements. The horizontal base of the building has a square configuration and gathers all the support functions, such as the main lobby and exhibition hall, auditorium, restaurant/bar, etc. The vertical volume – a tower with sixteen floors above the base – hosts the general offices of the company. -- ArchDaily

Source: Anand Jaju archdaily.com

Myra – School of Business, Mysore, Karnataka, India, 2012 designed by Architecture Paradigm

The angular geometry also helped us establish an attitude towards the ground, but also to the sky. The library uses this to tap north light effectively into the space. The east and west are seen as solid surfaces reducing the heat penetration. -- ArchDaily

Source: Héctor Santos -Díez archdaily.com

Mediateca de Carballo, Rúa Pontevedra, 15100 Carballo, A Coruña, Spain, 2013 designed by Óscar Pedrós

The building becomes quite hermetic and opens itself to an inner patio acting as an open space for reading. Floor plans are designed following the complicated plot´s geometry to get a better ratio of profit in relationships between inner and outer space, melting the threshold between them. -- ArchDaily